Who We Are

Through continuous research and national partnerships, our evidence-based instructional frameworks have empowered school leaders and teachers to implement effective literacy practices in diverse educational settings for more than 30 years. Our numerous professional learning opportunities equip teachers and school leaders to help students become skilled with complex texts like a disciplinary expert would, becoming confident, strategic readers and writers across middle school, high school, and college. We provide professional learning that apprentices teachers to implement disciplinary literacy practices and build a student-centered, strengths-based culture of literacy in their classrooms. 

Meet the Team

Extensive expertise dedicated to building disciplinary literacy and success for teachers and students. 

Our Story 

Our story began in the 1990s when a small group of San Francisco secondary teachers and researchers tackled a critical challenge: to help older students engage with complex texts using discipline-specific skills and language. At the time, much of the research and practice in literacy treated academic skills and motivation as separate issues. The metacognitive approach developed for middle and high school students became Reading Apprenticeship®. Since then, WestEd (where Reading Apprenticeship is housed) has continued to work with thousands of teachers, instructional coaches, and administrators across academic subject areas. In 2023, we added Writing Apprenticeship® to meet the national need or support for discipline-specific writing instruction. Today, Disciplinary Literacy at WestEd provides services that drive transformative change in literacy instruction across the content areas. 

Dr. Cynthia Greenleaf and Ruth Schoenbach break the research-practice divide and work closely with teachers in San Francisco to generate new ways to support reading comprehension in content area classrooms. The Reading Apprenticeship Framework is created, and Ruth and Cyndy join WestEd.

  • Greenleaf and Schoenbach secure regional and national foundation funding centered on the framework.
  • A 2001 pilot study of the 9th grade curriculum and professional learning – Reading Apprenticeship Academic Literacy (RAAL) – yields student test score gains of two years growth in seven months.
  • Publication of Reading for Understanding, first edition

  • Three rigorous research studies, funded by the U.S. Department of Education’s Institute of Education Sciences and the National Science Foundation, find positive, statistically significant effects for students whose teachers participated in Reading Apprenticeship professional learning.
  • College work expands with grants from the Lumina and Hewlett Foundations. One hundred and eighty-eight teachers from 43 colleges participate in professional learning networks.

The Reading Apprenticeship team is awarded several competitive federal innovation grants resulting in:

  • Expansion of services to 12+ states
  • Reading Apprenticeship online professional learning model and service
  • Validation of Reading Apprenticeship at scale (RAISE)
  • Project READi develops evidence-based argumentation units for history and science educators

  • A Helmsley Trust grant expands our work with post-secondary STEM faculty.
  • Renton Technical college hosts annual Metacognition and Mindfulness Reading Apprenticeship Conference.
  • three-year evaluation for the California Community Colleges reports promising impacts of Reading Apprenticeship.
  • Leading for Literacy is published.

  • Services expanded to include group coaching and year-round online professional learning.
  • First studies of cross-disciplinary professional learning at scale – RAAD and SETDI projects.
  • 3CSN hosts annual California Reading Apprenticeship College Conference.
  • Research in leading educational journal (American Educational Research Journal) shows statistically significant change for teacher practice and student learning in biology.

Our story continues to evolve today. Reading Apprenticeship continues to embark on new initiatives to further develop and offer services and build more literacy leaders in districts across the country. We work with 2000+ educators each year in all settings – large urban districts, small rural communities, suburban centers, and online. Our current and upcoming work includes: open-source text-based investigation modules for STEM teachers; formative assessment tools to enhance Reading Apprenticeship’s impact on curiosity and self-direction; and college STEM and writing courses. We published a 3rd edition of our core text, Reading for Understanding, in 2023.

About WestEd

WestEd is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization that aims to improve the lives of children and adults at all ages of learning and development. We do this by addressing challenges in education and human development, reducing opportunity gaps, and helping build communities where all can thrive. WestEd staff conduct and apply research, provide technical assistance, and support professional learning. We work with early learning educators, classroom teachers, local and state leaders, and policymakers at all levels of government. For more information, visit WestEd.org

Ready to get started?

Let’s work together to bring Reading Apprenticeship and Writing Apprenticeship to your students. We can help you every step of the way—from implementation and funding to making sure they fit seamlessly with your current programs.